TL;DR: Spain does not let US citizens keep dual nationality on paper. If you become Spanish by residence, you must declare that you renounce your US nationality; only nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal and France are exempt. In practice, that declaration does not end your US citizenship under US law, so most Americans end up holding both passports.
Most Americans can apply after 10 years of legal, continuous residence in Spain, or after 1 year if married to a Spanish citizen. You also need the DELE A2 and CCSE exams (see the 7 requirements for American applicants). Our Spanish citizenship service checks your eligibility and prepares the application.
What the renunciation declaration means for a US citizen
- When you sign it. After your citizenship is granted, you swear allegiance to the King and the Constitution and declare that you renounce your previous nationality, before the Civil Registry (article 23 of the Civil Code). You have 180 days from notification to do it.
- What the US does with it. Under US law you only lose US citizenship if you voluntarily perform an expatriating act with the intention of giving it up. The State Department generally treats a declaration made to obtain another nationality as not showing that intention. Formal renunciation of US citizenship requires appearing in person before a US consular officer.
- How Spain treats you afterwards. For Spain you are only Spanish. Use your Spanish passport or DNI with Spanish authorities and when entering or leaving Spain and the Schengen area.
- Using your US passport. US law requires US citizens to enter and leave the US with a US passport, so you keep using it for US travel.
- US taxes do not change. As long as you remain a US citizen, you keep filing US tax returns wherever you live.
Read more about the Spanish citizenship oath.
Importance of Understanding the Application Process
Understanding the application process is crucial to ensure a smooth and successful journey towards acquiring Spanish dual citizenship. It helps applicants navigate through the requirements, procedures, and responsibilities involved effectively.
Benefits of Obtaining Spanish Dual Citizenship
Obtaining Spanish dual citizenship opens up a world of opportunities, including the right to live, work, study in Spain and the EU, travel privileges with a Spanish passport, as well as political rights and diplomatic protection. It provides a sense of belonging and security that comes with being a citizen of Spain.
Understanding Dual Citizenship in Spain
Dual citizenship, also known as dual nationality, refers to the status of an individual who is legally recognized as a citizen of two countries simultaneously. This means holding two passports and enjoying rights and responsibilities from both nations.
Does Spain allow dual citizenship? The answer is nuanced. Spain permits dual nationality under specific conditions and for citizens of certain countries. The Spanish legal framework regulating dual citizenship is governed primarily by the Civil Code and international agreements.
Legal Framework Regarding Dual Nationality in Spain
Here are the key points regarding the legal framework for dual nationality in Spain:
- General Rule: Spain generally requires new citizens to renounce their previous nationality upon naturalization.
- Exceptions: Citizens from Latin American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, and Sephardic Jews are allowed to maintain their original nationality alongside Spanish citizenship.
- This exception reflects historical and cultural ties between Spain and these countries, facilitating easier acquisition of Spanish nationality without losing prior citizenship.
Countries Eligible for Dual Citizenship with Spain
Spain’s policy on dual nationality is limited to nationals from the following countries, plus France under the 2021 bilateral convention:
- Latin American countries: Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, etc.
- Andorra
- Philippines
- Equatorial Guinea
- Portugal
- Sephardic Jewish descendants
For example, a citizen from the USA seeking Spanish citizenship must renounce their American nationality when acquiring Spanish nationality (Civil Code art. 23.b); there is no procedure to request permission to keep dual citizenship. This restriction makes “dual citizenship Spain USA” cases more complex compared to eligible Latin American nationals.
Understanding these distinctions clarifies whether can you have dual nationality in Spain depends largely on your country of origin. The legal nuances significantly affect applicants’ strategies when considering Spanish citizenship.
Eligibility and Requirements for Dual Citizenship
Obtaining dual citizenship in Spain involves meeting specific requirements for dual citizenship in Spain that vary depending on individual circumstances. Understanding how to get dual citizenship in Spain requires careful attention to residency, nationality, and documentation criteria.
Residency Requirements for Naturalization
- A general rule mandates 10 years of legal residence in Spain before applying for citizenship through naturalization.
- Certain nationalities benefit from reduced residency periods:
- Citizens of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, or Sephardic Jews require only 2 years of residency.
- Marriage to a Spanish citizen shortens the period to 1 year of legal residence prior to application.
Special Provisions for Certain Nationalities
Spain acknowledges historical and cultural ties with specific countries by offering expedited paths:
- Individuals from Latin American countries and other designated nations enjoy a shortened residency requirement.
- These provisions recognize shared linguistic, cultural, or historical connections facilitating integration.
Documentation Needed for the Application Process
Applicants must prepare comprehensive documentation demonstrating eligibility:
- Valid passport and residence permits verifying continuous legal residence.
- Proof of integration: the CCSE exam on Spanish constitutional and sociocultural knowledge and, unless you are a national of a country where Spanish is an official language, a DELE A2 or higher Spanish language certificate.
- Birth certificates, criminal records from Spain and country of origin confirming good conduct.
- Marriage certificate if applying under spousal provisions.
- Application forms completed accurately along with any required fees.
Meeting these criteria ensures the application process proceeds smoothly.
Application Process for Dual Citizenship
Applying for dual citizenship in Spain involves a structured process with specific steps to follow for a successful application. Here is a breakdown of the key points to consider:
Steps to Apply:
- Fill out the necessary application forms provided by the Spanish authorities. You can find more information on how to apply for Spanish citizenship here.
- Gather all required documentation, including proof of residency, birth certificate, and a criminal record certificate.
- Submit your application either online through the official website or in-person at the designated office or consulate.
Processing Time and Approval:
- The processing time for dual citizenship applications in Spain can vary but generally takes several months to complete.
- Once your application is submitted, it undergoes review by the relevant authorities to verify your eligibility and documentation.
- Upon approval, you will be notified of the decision and guided on the next steps to formalize your Spanish dual citizenship status.
Navigating through these steps diligently and ensuring all requirements are met will facilitate a smooth application process for obtaining dual citizenship in Spain. For expert tips and strategies on how to expedite this process, consider checking out this comprehensive guide on obtaining Spanish citizenship fast.
Responsibilities and Formalities After Approval
Once your application for Spanish citizenship is approved, there are certain responsibilities and formalities you must fulfill:
Oath-Taking Requirements
One of the key requirements after approval is taking an oath of allegiance to the King and promising to obey the Constitution and laws of Spain. This oath is usually taken at a consulate or embassy if you are residing outside Spain.
Registering as a Dual National
As a new Spanish citizen, it’s important to register your dual nationality in the Spanish Civil Register. This step ensures that your Spanish citizenship is officially recognized and recorded.
Consequences of Not Completing Formalities
Failing to complete these formalities may have consequences on your citizenship status. It could potentially lead to difficulties in exercising your rights as a Spanish citizen or even jeopardizing your dual nationality.
Benefits of Dual Citizenship in Spain
1. Rights to Live, Work, and Study
Holding Spanish citizenship grants individuals the right to reside, work, and pursue education in Spain as well as other European Union countries. This provides access to various opportunities for personal and professional growth.
2. Travel Privileges with a Spanish Passport
Dual citizens can enjoy the convenience of traveling with a Spanish passport, facilitating seamless movement within the EU and benefiting from visa-free or visa-on-arrival entry to numerous countries worldwide.
3. Political Rights and Diplomatic Protection
Dual nationality confers political rights such as voting in Spanish elections and engaging in civic participation. Additionally, dual citizens are entitled to diplomatic protection from the Spanish government while abroad, ensuring assistance and support in times of need.
Conclusion
Navigating the process of obtaining dual citizenship in Spain requires precise knowledge of legal requirements and procedural steps. Understanding how to apply for dual citizenship Spain ensures applicants avoid common pitfalls and delays.
Professional legal advice plays a crucial role in simplifying this complex process. Contact NIM Lawyers for assistance with dual citizenship application to benefit from:
- Expert evaluation of your eligibility and documentation
- Guidance through both online and in-person application procedures
- Support in fulfilling post-approval formalities such as oath-taking and civil register registration
- Personalized solutions tailored to your specific nationality and circumstances
NIM Immigration Lawyers specialize in Spanish immigration law with a digital-first approach, providing streamlined, reliable services without the need for in-person visits. Their team combines extensive experience with modern technology to deliver clear, prompt communication and efficient case management.
Seeking expert guidance early can significantly improve the chances of a successful application while minimizing stress and confusion. Ensuring compliance with all legal requirements protects your rights as a future dual citizen, unlocking the full benefits outlined throughout this guide.
Frequently asked questions
Does Spain allow dual citizenship with the US?
Not formally. Americans who become Spanish by residence must declare that they renounce US nationality, but under US law that declaration does not normally end US citizenship.
Can I keep my US passport if I become Spanish?
Yes, in practice. You remain a US citizen unless you formally renounce at a US embassy or consulate, and you must use your US passport to enter and leave the US.
Which countries can keep dual nationality with Spain?
Nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal and France do not have to renounce their nationality.
Do children born to a Spanish parent need to renounce US citizenship?
No. Spanish nationality by origin (for example, through a Spanish parent) does not require renouncing another nationality.
How long does it take an American to get Spanish citizenship?
Generally 10 years of legal residence, or 1 year if married to a Spanish citizen, plus up to a year (often more) for the decision.
Reviewed by Irene Martí Gispert, lawyer at NIM Extranjería. Last reviewed: October 2026.
